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簡介(王慧娟，11年級)
諸佛菩薩、師父上人、法師、各位善知識：
晚安！我們是女校模擬聯合國社團團員，今天在此為大家介紹模擬聯合國會議。我們社團訓練同學如何參加模擬聯合國的會議，此會議是真正模擬聯合國運作方式，它的目的是讓學生能夠了解UN的運作。希望今天的報告能使大家對我們學校這個社團有所了解，和為什麼我們每年都繼續參加；我們還要報告從現在到明年會議的準備。
聯合國的歷史(勒美慧，10年級)
晚安！我是Lacy，為大家介紹聯合國的歷史和組織。當初人們動念要有一個國際組織來維持世界和平，於是在1920年代，由美國威爾森總統創建，名為國際聯盟。1939年，因為第二次世界大戰爆發，使國際聯盟與它期望和平的美夢同時破滅了。1945年10月24日，51個國家再次成立了聯合國，現在成員則超過180個國家。
所有聯合國的會員國都必須遵守一項國際和平條約，為聯合國的基本原則。這個條約共有4個重點：
1.保持國際間的安全與和平。
2.發展國際間友誼。
3.合作解決國際問題，提倡尊重人權。
4.作為調和國際行動的中心。
聯合國包括六個主要部份︰聯合國大會、安理會、經濟社會理事會、託管理事會、國際法庭、與祕書處。因為它的國際性，所以國際法庭在荷蘭，因為那裡使用很多種語言。其他理事會則位於紐約總部。
大會是聯合國的「國會」，由全體會員國組成，各有其投票權。重要議題包括︰和平安全、聯合國預算，與認可新會員等，由大會三分之二通過決定，其他事項則只需過半數通過，雖然大會不得勉強任何國家採取行動，但它代表著世界輿論與國際上道德的力量。
安理會具有維持國際和平與安全之最高權力和責任，有權對任何有關國責成問題的解決方案，全體會員國有義務履行安理會的決定。此會有15個經常會員，5個常任理事︰中國、法國、蘇聯、美國，英國。大會每兩年選舉其他(10個)會員國。
經濟社會理事會協調聯合國的經濟、社會工作，諮商非政府組織，因此是聯合國與民間重要的連線。共有54個會員，由大會選舉，任期三年。
經濟社會理事會的分支部門專注之工作如︰人權問題、社會發展、麻醉毒品，和環保等問題。
託管理事會確保殖民地或一國所需領土因緣成熟時的獨立，不過自從1994年以來，都沒有運作之需，因此託管理事會由安理會的五位常任理事擔任，如有需要，得隨時召集。
國際法庭由大會與安理會選舉15位法官，國際法庭(或稱世界法庭)，裁決國際紛爭，處理國際法律案件。對出庭的任何國家，它有絕對的裁決權。
祕書處執行聯合國之主要的行政事務，由督導聯合國全盤性行政工作的祕書長負責。聯合國是整個地球道德主義的代表，對改變世界的決策有最後決定權，它致力於使這個世界，變得更好、更安全，成為適於全人類共存的地方。
柏克萊模擬聯合國 (麥洛拉，9年級)
柏克萊模擬聯合國大會是在51年前創立的，也就是真正聯合國創立後的那一年。BMUN是美國歷史最悠久的模擬聯合國會。它的目的是要幫助學生了解聯合國是怎麼運作的。幾乎全美學校的學生代表都會於三月份的第一、二個週末，來此參加年度大會。每一學校代表一個不同的國家，以解決世界問題。學生在大會上寫出的解決方案，最後會送去真正的聯合國當參考資料。在史丹佛、哈佛、加大各分校都有類似的MUN，而在紐約的則是最大規模。真正聯合國內有好幾個委員會議。除了美國本地之外，在東南亞MUN的活動也越來越盛行，更多社團成立來參加美國及世界各地的活動。現在不只高中生會參加這種活動，許多大學生和成人也積極的響應。大專院校也承認學生參與MUN。自從1951以來MUN大幅度成長。本來國際聯盟也有模擬會議，現在已被MUN所取代。
模擬會議(劉曉慧，10年級、朱果凡，9年級)
模擬會議是柏克萊模擬聯合國的代表人所形成的。在模擬會議裡，加州各地高中學校的代表們，可以代表指定的國家，也可以發表他們國家對世界大事的意見。這次的模擬會議是給我們一個機會，來學習聯合國的會議及討論會是怎麼舉辦的。
在模擬會議裡，針對當今聯合國所面對的各種事件或問題，代表們進行討論並且設法解決。參加的國家代表們，在柏克萊不同的委員會裏可以解決很多問題！例如：衛生問題、恐怖主義、環境問題、安全問題、社會問題、司法問題、經濟問題、毒品問題等等。
這些會議的主席都是由過去在模擬聯合國已經有多年經驗的各大專院校的學生擔任。主席首先提出一些討論議題給大會討論。然後，代表們就選一個題目來討論，研討會就此開始了。各代表團在三天的研討會中，會根據其外交、演講及報告(是代表的主題報告)，解決方案及議會時的一般參與等表現給予評分。
研討會最重要的一部份可說是預備會議。預備會議是正式討論與代表演講之間的休息時間。預備會是代表們可以彼此社交，可以發言，商議政策，也可以為解決方案收集支持者與證人的簽名，用於在委員會議討論議決的書面建議。
朱果凡：
我是今年才參加柏克萊聯合國模擬會議，所以不算很有經驗，。我只參加了一次介紹會就完全被震撼住了。他們對工作的熱切與認真，真是開我眼界。當然模擬會議並非真如聯合國會議一般，不過已十分近似。其他與會者的表現使我自覺渺小而欠缺；他們多數是徹底研究了解自己的代表國，經驗十足，也自信十足。
劉曉慧：
雖然這是我第二次參加柏克萊聯合國模擬會議，我仍然獲得許多經驗，去年也學習了很多。柏克萊聯合國模擬會議有非常正式、威嚴而典雅的氣氛，使你明白聯合國像怎麼回事，也告訴你一些不曾明白的世界問題。
模擬聯合國會議社團的展望 王慧娟：
本社成立至今是第四年。我們代表過六個國家，也參加不同大、小的主題社團。今年我們希望能夠得到日本、英國或南非的代表權；也希望能夠代表俄國、美國、中國參加安理會，或者國際法庭。每一年我們都去柏克萊參加這個活動，每次都會帶回來新的經驗和有趣的事。和別的高中生在正式的場合，用外交的方式溝通，是一種很新鮮的體會。大部份參加的人都很有創造能力，也很直言，將來很有可能變成外交官。我們希望能對聯合國的外交系統有更深一層的認知，進而了解「如何維持世界和平」
本社資歷雖然很淺，但我們希望能很快成為傑出的代表團。在柏克萊聯合國模擬會議中，各代表團得以達成妥協與合作。在我們這個假的小世界裏有世界和平，藉此經驗，我們將來長大後，不論參加真聯合國與否，希望我們能繼續這份和平與合作。
今年我們所訓練的項目，包括：如何有好的外交手腕、使我們的演講技巧更進一步、如何變成一個比較聰明有膽識的外交官。這是我第三年的經驗，每年本社都有很多進步，從大型委員會轉到小型和更專門的委員會。我們也代表過世界上很多國家：斐濟與蒙古；冰島與芬蘭；馬來西亞與波斯（今天的伊朗）。
另外，聯合國總部在紐約是中立的組織。聯合國安理會是非常有力的組織，因為如果安理會在討論的議案，其他任何委員會不得討論。如果安理會突然決定討論某件事，另一個委員會剛好在討論，他們必須停止進行而讓給安理會。去年，我和一個同學代表國際聯盟，你們知道，就是聯合國的前身，第一次流產的，並導致第二次世界大戰，最後成就了今日的聯合國。我們討論日本侵略東北，德國重新武裝，重新走過歷史；我們竟達成協議，得以避免戰爭。這顯示除了戰爭還有其他中道方式。因為伊拉克戰事是今年的大問題，我們希望能代表英國以便維持世界和平，並顯示戰爭並非唯一選擇。
希望報告完畢後，大家都明白什麼是聯合國、柏克萊聯合國模擬會議，和我們的希望。阿彌陀佛。
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Introduction (Huei-Chean Ong, Grade 11)
Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, Venerable Master, Dharma Masters, and all good knowing advisors: Good evening. This is our Model United Nations (MUN) club from the Girls School and we are here today to give a presentation. Model United Nations is a simulation of the United Nations (UN). Basically we train our members to participate in conferences as if we were in the UN. Today we would like to inform you about the UN, the Berkeley Model United Nations and its mock session and the hopes of our MUN club. Hopefully, by the end of this presentation you will all have a better understanding about our club and why we participate each year without fail.
The History of United Nations (Lacy Lackey, Grade 10):
Good evening. My name is Lacy Lackey and I will be speaking about the history and organization of the United Nations.
The first concept of an international peacekeeping organization was called the League of Nations, established by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in the 1920’s. In 1939, the League of Nations crumbled along with its hopes for peace, as World War II commenced.
The United Nations (UN) was a second attempt at the League of Nations, established on October 24, 1945 by 51 participating countries. It now includes over 180 member nations.
All member nations of the UN must agree to the UN Charter. The UN Charter is an international peace treaty designed to set down the basic principles of the UN. It is composed of 4 major points that illustrate the purpose of UN. They are:
1. To maintain peace and security between nations;
2. To develop friendly relations among nations;
3. To cooperate in solving international problems and promoting respect for human rights, and
4. To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
The UN is composed of six major bodies. They are the General Assembly (GA), the Security Council (SC), the Economic and Social Council (ESC), the Trusteeship Council (TC), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the Secretariat. Because of its more international status, the ICJ is located in the Netherlands, for many languages converge there. All other councils are located at the UN headquarters in NYC.
The General Assembly is the “parliament” of the UN. It is composed of all member nations, each with one vote. Important issues (such as peace and security, the UN budget, admitting new members, etc.) are decided within the GA, and require two-thirds majority to make the decision. Other matters require a simple majority. Although the GA can’t force action to be taken by any nation, it represents world opinion and the moral authority of the community of nations.
The Security Council holds the most power and responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. It has the authority to “demand” that concerned nations follow their resolutions, and all Member States are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions.There are, at all times, 15 council members. Five of these have a permanent seat on the Council. These countries are: China, France, the Russian Federation, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The GA elects the other countries every two years.
The Economic and Social Council coordinates the UN’s economic and social work, and consults with non-governmental organizations, thereby creating a vital link between the UN and civil society. It is composed of 54 members, elected by the GA for 3-year terms. Different subsidiary bodies of the ESC focus on such issues as: human rights, social development, narcotic drugs, environmental protection, etc.
The Trusteeship Council ensures that any colony or territory in need is prepared for independence when it achieves it. There hasn’t been the want or the need for this since 1994, so the TC now consists of the 5 permanent members of the SC, and is prepared to convene whenever needed.
The International Court of Justice consists of 15 judges elected by both the GA and the SC. The ICJ (or World Court) decides disputes between countries and deals with legal cases on an international level. It has absolute authority over any countries that agree to appear before the court. The Secretariat carries out the substantive and administrative work for the UN. It is headed by the Secretary-General, who provides overall administrative guidance.
The United Nations is a representative body of moralism from our entire globe. It has the last say in world-altering decisions, all of which strive to make this world, our world, a better, safer place for all of us to live.
Berkeley Model United Nations (Lola Migas, Grade 9)
BMUN, or Berkeley Model United Nations, was created 51 years ago, one year after the UN formed. BMUN is the oldest UN simulation in the US. It was created to educate students about the workings of the UN. Students from schools across the country come to participate in the annual sessions, which are held on the first or second weekend in March. Each group of students represents a country and tries to solve global issues. Our resolutions are actually sent to the UN.
There are other MUN simulations held in the US, including those held at Stanford, Harvard, and various University of California campuses. One held in New York is the largest simulation. Several committee sessions are held in the actual UN building. There are also international simulations, including Southeast Asia. MUN is becoming increasingly popular. More and more clubs have started participating in the US and also internationally. Not only do high school students participate in model sessions but university students and adults, too. Colleges really acknowledge participation in MUN. MUN has grown enormously since 1951. Originally there was a simulation of the League of Nations, but that has now been replaced by MUN.
Mock Sessions (Xiao Hui Lau, Grade 10 & Nancy Chu, Grade 9)
Mock sessions are United Nations imitated sessions, used by the Model United Nations. High school delegates come from all over California to represent their assigned country, voice their countries’ views on global issues. BMUN mock sessions are for us to learn how the UN sessions and discussions actually function.
In mock sessions, delegates discuss and try to solve the various problems and issues the UN faces today. Representatives of countries assemble in Berkeley in many committees and councils to solve different problems set before them, such as health issues, terrorism, environmental problems, security, and social, judicial, economic, and drug problems.
The conferences are headed by the chairs, who are university students with many years of experience in BMUN. They open issues for discussion to the General Assembly. The General Assembly then selects a topic to begin with, and the conference starts. Delegates are judged during the three day conference in diplomacy, public speaking, position papers (which are their research on one topic), resolutions, and general participation during the conference.
Probably the most important part of the conference is caucusing. Caucuses are breaks in between official debates and delegate speakers. During caucuses, delegates have a chance to socialize, speak out, and gather sponsors and signatories for their resolutions, which are written proposals to solve issues that the committee deals with.
Nancy Chu:
I’ve only joined BMUN this year, so I haven’t had much experience. I have only been to a workshop that introduces us to MUN, but what I saw blew me away. I was amazed by how serious and earnest they were about their work. Of course, the mock sessions held at the workshop weren’t exactly like the UN sessions, but it was roughly the same. The other people there made me feel extremely insignificant and unprepared. Many of the participants had thoroughly researched their countries, were far more experienced, and everybody just seemed so self-confident.
Xiao Hui Lau:
Even though it is only my second year in BMUN, it has given me a great experience, and I learned a lot last year. BMUN has a formal, intimidating and sophisticated atmosphere, and gives you a good idea of what the UN is like. It also informs you about world problems you were not aware of.
Hopes of Our MUN Club (Huei-Chean Ong)
The MUN club in our school is now in its 4th consecutive year. So far we have represented 6 different nations and participated in various committees both big and small. This year we hope to represent Japan, UK or South Africa. We also hope to participate in the Security Council, the International Court of Justice or the cabinet simulations for Russia, China or the US.
Each year that we go to the conference in UC Berkeley, we come back with a lot of new experience and tales. Meeting other high school students in a formal, diplomatic environment has a totally different feel. Most of the participants are creative, outspoken and possibly future diplomats. We hope to get a better, deeper understanding on how the UN and international diplomacy work so as to understand how to keep world peace.
Our MUN club is fairly new and we hope to become outstanding delegates in the near future. Within the BMUN, we delegates are able to come together with compromises and mutual cooperation. World peace is maintained in our little simulated world. Through these experiences we will hopefully be able to maintain this peace and cooperation whether or not we join the actual United Nations when we grow up.
This year our club strives to increase diplomatic skills, be even better public speakers and be smarter, bolder and better diplomats. This is my 3rd year in MUN and every year our club has shown a lot of improvements moving from large committees into smaller, more advanced committees. We also have represented various nations from around the world; from Fiji and Mongolia to Iceland and Finland to Malaysia and Persia (or present-day Iran).
As an additional note, the UN Headquarters in New York is on neutral ground. The UN Security Council is a very powerful group because if the Council is discussing an issue, no other committee may discuss it. If the Council suddenly decides to address an issue and another committee happens to be discussing it, then they must stop discussing to give way to the Council.
Last year, a fellow delegate and I participated in the Historical League of Nations (a reenactment). As you all know, the League of Nations was the first downfall of the UN that led to the Second World War and the eventual forming of today’s UN. We discussed the Japanese invasion in Manchuria and German rearmament, thus reenacting history. We were able to come up with a compromise and avoid war. This shows that there are other ways to compromise besides war. As the war on Iraq is the big issue this year, we hope to represent the UK in order to maintain peace in the world and show that war is not the only option.
We hope that by the end of this presentation, you will all know what the UN is, what the BMUN and its mock sessions are, and what our hopes are. Thank you. Amitofo.
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