|
《停雲》是陶淵明一首詩的題目，詩中說：「靄靄停雲，濛濛時雨。八表同昏，平路伊阻。」「靄靄」是濃雲密佈的樣子；「停雲」是留在天上不動的雲；「濛濛」是迷迷濛濛的一片；「表」本來是指外表，「八表」就是八方之外。我們平時說四方，是指東、南、西、北；可是還有東南、西南、東北、西北，共是八個方向。「八表」是說八方之外很大、很遠的地方。「同昏」即同樣都是陰沉昏暗的。陶淵明覺得那八方之外的地方都是昏暗的。好好的一條平路上出現了「伊阻」。「伊」，是誰；「阻」，是障礙。好好的世界，好好的人類，是誰做出了那麼多的阻礙，製造出那麼多的罪惡，使人民痛苦，給人民帶來災害的事情呢？你看陶淵明的詩裏，有多麼深沉的憤慨和悲哀！那麼，處在這樣黑暗的時代裏，滿懷如此沉鬱深重的感慨與悲哀的陶淵明，後來又是怎樣地使自己的身體與心靈都獲得了寧靜與平衡的呢？他所經歷的將是怎樣的一段心理歷程呢？
龔自珍說：「陶潛詩喜說荊軻，想見停雲發浩歌。」他說每當我們讀到陶淵明的詩，總好像是看見他在寫「停雲」詩發出來的「浩歌」。那麼大聲，那麼悲哀，那麼憤慨。龔自珍又說：「莫信詩人竟平淡，二分『梁甫』一分『騷』」。大家都知道，前面我們說過的，陶淵明是把「名韁利索」都掙斷了；不管是名是利，這些韁索再也束縛不住陶淵明了。他不但擺脫了名利的韁索，甚至連死生也都看開了。
他說：「應盡便須盡，無復獨多慮。」<歸去來兮辭>裡邊說，我是「樂夫天命复奚疑」。他好像是平靜了，可是龔自珍說，他不單純只是平靜，他是經過了一個矛盾困苦的掙扎過程才得以平靜下來的，所以龔自珍說：「莫信詩人竟平淡，二分『梁甫』一分『騷』」。你們不要相信陶淵明這個詩人完全是這樣平靜的，像一潭死水沒有波瀾，其實他內心之中還有「二分梁甫」與「一分騷」呢！什麼是「二分梁甫」與「一分騷」呢？中國歷史上記載有這樣的故事，說三國時候輔佐劉備的丞相，就是諸葛亮。當諸葛亮他還沒有遇到劉備，沒有得到任用的時候，他喜歡念有首叫作「梁甫吟」的詩。
關於「梁甫吟」前人有很多不同的說法，大致歸納起來有兩種：一種認為它是在喪葬的時候所唱的歌曲；還有一種說法認為，東漢時代中國有一個很有名的學者叫張衡，他既是文學家，又是科學家；他曾經發明了渾天儀和地動儀，又會寫詩作賦。
他寫過一組「四愁詩」；詩的第一首說：「我所思兮在泰山，欲往從之梁父（甫）艱」。張衡是說：「我所思念的那個人在泰山；我要到她那裡去。」「從之」是跟隨她。可是我要從這裡到她那裡去的途中，被一座叫「梁甫」的大山擋住了，而梁甫山是很危險，很不容易爬過去的。張衡這裡所說的是什麼？他所思念，所要尋找、懷念的是什麼人？這完全是在用譬喻。它表示的是要求得到君主的任用，「梁甫」所代表的正是那些阻礙賢臣被進用的邪惡的力量。
待續
|
|
"Unmoving Clouds" is the title of one of Tao Yuanming's poems. It says: "Thick and dusty unmoving clouds, misty and drizzling rain. All eight realms are gloomy and dark; who set obstacles on the smooth roads?" "Thick and dusty" indicates dense cloud cover. "Unmoving clouds" indicates that the clouds are still. "Misty" means foggy and unclear. "Realms" indicates the external appearance. "Eight realms" are beyond the eight directions. We usually talk about the four directions—east, west, north, and south; together with southeast, southwest, northeast, and northwest, there are eight directions. "Eight realms" indicates the vast and extensive regions beyond the eight directions. "All ... are gloomy and dark" means they are all the same, dim and hazy. Tao Yuanming thought that the regions beyond the eight directions were all gloomy and dark.
"Who set obstacles" on very good and smooth roads? In such a fine world with such a fine human race, who has set up so many barriers and created so many evil offenses, making people suffer and bringing disasters down upon them? Reading between the lines of Tao Yuanming's poems, you can see how deep his anger and sorrow were! Living in such a dark age, with a mind full of deep anxiety, despair, and sorrow, how did Tao Yuanming acquire peace and balance in body and spirit? What was his spiritual journey like?
Gong Zizhen said: 'Tao Qian liked to talk about Jing Ke in his poems. Refer to his loud songs in 'Unmoving Clouds.'" He said that when we read Tao Yuanming's poems, we always hear the 'loud songs' in his "Unmoving Clouds"—so loud, so sad, and so indignant! Gong Zizhen said, "Don't believe that poets are content with the simple life. They are two parts fame and one part rhythm." We all know that Tao Yuanming cut through the reins of fame and the rope of wealth, that these things had no hold over him. What is more, he even saw through the matter of life and death.
He said, "Whatever is meant to end must end. Don't be concerned about it." In "Return," he wrote: "I enjoy being what I am without any doubts." It seems that he was at peace. However, Gong Zizhen said that he was not peaceful by nature, that he could calm down only after an inner struggle filled with contradictions and suffering. Thus Gong Zizhen said:
"Don't believe that poets are content with the simple life. They are two parts Liangfu and one part Sao." You shouldn't believe that Tao Yuanming's mind was absolutely calm, like placid water without any ripples. In fact, he still carried "two parts Liangfu and one part Sao" in his mind! What is meant by "two parts Liangfu and one part Sao"? There is a story in Chinese history. During the Three Kingdoms period, the prime minister who assisted Liu Bei was Zhuge Liang. Before Zhuge Liang met Liu Bei and was employed by him, he liked to recite a poem called the "Song of Liangfu."
There are various explanations of the "Song of Liangfu," which can generally be classified into two basic kinds: The first is that it is a kind of song people sing at funeral services. The second explanation has to do with a famous scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty named Zhang Heng, who was both a literary man and a scientist (he invented a celestial globe and a seismometer, and also wrote poetry).
Zhang Heng wrote a series of poems entitled "Four Concerns." In the first poem, he said,
The person I am thinking of is at Mount Tai.
I want to follow her, but Mount Liangfu is dangerous.
Zhang Heng says, "The person I am missing is at Mount Tai, and I wish to go there, but on the way to her place is a huge mountain called Liangfu, which is very dangerous and hard to climb over. What was Zhang Heng trying to say here? Who he was missing? Who was he looking and yearning for? The poem is totally metaphorical. It expressed his wish to be employed by the emperor. Liangfu represents the forces of evil which obstructed worthy officials from being employed.
To be continued
|
